What Are the Parthenon Marbles?

 What Are the Parthenon Marbles?

Bruce Clark, Athens: City of Wisdom, Pegasus Books, 2022

“The Parthenon marbles are the world's most beautiful art – and that's why we should give them back,” by Jonathan Jones, The Guardian, 18 Aug 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/aug/18/parthenon-marbles-greece-return-acropolis-museum

“5 Surprising Facts About the Parthenon Marbles (Including the Existence of a Near-Perfect Replica in Nashville),” by Hannah Cunningham, artnet news, September 20, 2022, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/5-surprising-facts-parthenon-marbles-2178533

“Parthenon,” by Mark Cartwright, 28 October 2012, https://www.worldhistory.org/parthenon/

“The Parthenon Sculptures,” The British Museum, https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures#:~:text=What are they?,on the Acropolis in Athens.

“Material: Pentelic Marble,” The Art of Making in Antiquity, https://artofmaking.ac.uk/explore/materials/8/Pentelic-Marble

“Monumental Statue of Athena Parthenos Once Graced Acropolis,” by Patricia Claus, Greek Reporter, September 2, 2023, https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/02/statue-athena-parthenos-acropolis/

“Athena Parthenos by Phidias,” by Mark Cartwright, 25 January 2015, worldhistory.org, https://www.worldhistory.org/article/785/athena-parthenos-by-phidias/#:~:text=The cult statue, begun in,Constantinople and there later destroyed.

“Phidías, Greek Sculptor,” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Phidias

“Callicrates, Greek Architect,” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Callicrates

“Greco-Persian Wars,” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Greco-Persian-Wars/The-Ionian-Revolt-499-493-bce

“Secrets of the Parthenon,” Nova, pbs.org, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/parthenon/time-nf.html

“The Parthenon,” Ancient-Greece.org, https://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/parthenon.html

“Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon,” by Evan Hadingham, Smithsonian Magazine, February 2008, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unlocking-mysteries-of-the-parthenon-16621015/

“Parthenon,” history.com, updated June 23, 2023, https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/parthenon

“Parthenon,” Britannica.com, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parthenon

The Theft of the Parthenon Marbles

Theodore Vrettos, A Shadow of Magnitude: the Acquisition of the Elgin Marbles, GP Putnam’s Sons, 1974

Christopher Hitchens, The Parthenon Marbles: The Case for Reunification, Verso, 2008 (prev Verso 1997, original edition: Chattum & Windus, 1987)

Bruce Clark, Athens: City of Wisdom, a History, Pegasus Books, 2022

Susan Nagel, Mistress of the Elgin Marbles, Morrow, 2005 🤬

“Unlocking the Mysteries of the Parthenon,” by Evan Hadingham, Smithsonian Magazine, Feb 2008, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unlocking-mysteries-of-the-parthenon-16621015/

“Theodosius I,” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodosius-I

“The Parthenon Marbles, In-Depth, Part 2: A Turbulent History,” Duncan Howitt-Marshall, Greek Is, December 22nd, 2021, https://www.greece-is.com/the-parthenon-marbles-in-depth-part-2-a-turbulent-history/

“The Defacement of the Parthenon Metopes: Dating and Interpretation,” By Dr. Benjamin Anderson, Assistant Professor of Art History, Cornell University, March 25, 2017, Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas, https://brewminate.com/the-defacement-of-the-parthenon-metopes-dating-and-interpretation/

“When the Acropolis’ Parthenon was Converted to a Christian Church, By

Philip Chrysopoulos, Greek Reporter, June 10, 2023, https://greekreporter.com/2023/06/10/acropolis-parthenon-christian-church/

“Parthenon,” by Mark Cartwright, World History Encyclopedia, 28 October 2012, https://www.worldhistory.org/parthenon/

“Material: Pentelic Marble,” The Art of Making in Antiquity, https://artofmaking.ac.uk/explore/materials/8/Pentelic-Marble

“Phidias, Greek Sculptor,” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Phidias

“Secrets of the Parthenon,” Nova, PBS, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/parthenon/time-nf.html  tv program: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/parthenon/program.html

“The Parthenon,” ancient-greece.org,  https://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/parthenon.html

“Parthenon,” History, https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/parthenon

Why Are the Parthenon Marbles in the British Museum???

Christopher Hitchens, The Parthenon Marbles: The Case for Reunification, Verso, 2008

Theodore Vrettos, A Shadow of Magnitude: the Acquisition of the Elgin Marbles, GP Putnam’s Sons, 1974

Bruce Clark, Athens: City of Wisdom, Pegasus Books, 2022

Susan Nagel, Mistress of the Elgin Marbles: A Biography of Mary Nisbet, Countess of Elgin, William Morrow Paperbacks, 2005

Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5131/5131-h/5131-h.htm

Lord Byron, The Curse of Minerva, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwklxz&seq=9

“Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon,” by Evan Hadingham, Smithsonian Magazine. Feb 2008, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unlocking-mysteries-of-the-parthenon-16621015/

“The Parthenon Marbles in Depth, Part 3: Abducted,” by Duncan Howitt-Marshall, Greece Is, December 22nd, 2021  https://www.greece-is.com/parthenon-marbles-depth-part-3-abducted/

Elgin Marbles Minutes of Evidence (proceedings of the select committee to Parliament, 1816) https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101077988150&seq=253

“How did the Elgin Marbles Get Here?” BBC News, Dec 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-30342462

“How Did the Parthenon Marbles End Up in the British Museum?” By Tessa Solomon, ARTnews, Oct 7, 2021, https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/parthenon-marbles-british-museum-restitution-1234605904/

“The History of the Parthenon Marbles,” by Kerry Kolasa-Sikiaridi, Greek Reporter, September 4, 2021, https://greekreporter.com/2021/09/04/the-history-of-the-parthenon-marbles/

"When Greeks Gave Lead Bullets To The Turks, So They Would Stop Destroying Parthenon Columns - A Story From The Greek War Of Independence," The Archaeologist, March 23, 2022, https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/when-greeks-gave-lead-bullets-to-the-turks-so-they-would-stop-destroying-parthenon-columns-a-story-from-the-greek-war-of-independence

“Sublime Porte,” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sublime-Porte

“Annex IV: The Parthenon Sculptures”, Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport Minutes of Evidence, www.parliament.uk, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmcumeds/371/0060806.htm